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You've done it, you've bought a car, now comes the hard part, taking care of it. It's not as straightforward as putting fuel in and going all the time. There are a lot of things that you need to to make sure that a car is and will always be in working condition, not to mention making repairs if need be, but that's beside the fact.
Here is everything you need to know when it comes to maintaining your car. A disclaimer, however, is that the maintenance process will depend per car so note that your maintenance requirements can depend on the car or even the engine of your car as well as the transmission and even down to the upholstery in it.
Engine
Your engine will need quite a few fluids and consumables to keep running. Here are some of the essential fluids and other items to that fill up your tanks and baffles.
Motor Oil
Change your motor oil every 4,000 to 10,000 kilometers, or every 3 months to a year depending on your manufacturer's recommendations. Check your oil level using the dipstick. If it's below the level after you've run the car for a bit, then it's most likely time to get your oil topped up or changed. It is important to remember that motor oil also breaks down over time even when not in use and oxidizes. It is also important to go with the right spec of oil and also take note of the formulation of the oil you will use, be it mineral, semi-synthetic, or fully-synthetic.
Mineral oil is the most cost-effective but is least resistant to heat, thus you need a thicker oil to make sure it doesn't thin out when your engine reaches higher temperatures.
Semi-synthetic blends the best of both synthetics with cost-effective mineral oil. It's more resistant to heat but isn't as expensive as fully-synthetic. You can also run a slightly thinner oil if you go with this type.
Fully-synthetic is the most expensive of all the types, but it will be the most resistant to heat, and won't thin out at higher temperatures so the consistency remains the same. Even as the temperature shifts. You also can run a lighter weight oil allowing your engine to move easier.
When conducting your oil change, some engine flush may be used prior to ensure that the residue from the old oil is completely gone.
Some cars have a higher oil grade requirement like in the case of turbocharged cars like the Honda Civic RS Turbo. However, naturally-aspirated motors may also require higher grade oils especially ones that have high compression ratios to maximize power per combustion cycle which also produces more heat. Such cars like this include the Mazda3 with its SkyActiv-G engine. The main enemy is heat produced by the combustion cycle, and your manufacturer will know best when servicing your car.
Coolant
A coolant flush is recommended every 10 years or 160,000 km. Depending on the model, the interval may be shorter than that. Manufacturers do indicate the interval in the owners' manual. When flushing your cooling system or radiator, you need to run through some coolant flush in order to get the gunk out of the system, then drain the old liquid out.
When replacing your coolant, it is important that you use distilled water only when you refill or top-up your reservoir. If you're simply topping up, don't fill your reservoir with premix or concentrate, instead, use distilled water to keep the level from going below minimum. If you are going to change your coolant, it's important to drain the rest of the system fully of the old fluids before you put in a new mix. Not all coolant is created equal, so it is important to go with what your owners' manual recommends.
Related: How often should I change the engine coolant?
Fuel
Whether it be gasoline or diesel, the fuel that you fill your tank with is very important since loading gasoline or diesel that has lower octane or cetane ratings may cause problems for your engine or reduced performance. Go with your manufacturer's recommended specifications for this. When you open your gas cap, you may find the minimum Research Octane Number (RON) on most gasoline cars. Common cars will require you to run at least 91 octane fuels, while there are more high-performance cars that require at least 95 RON gasoline. Meanwhile, for diesel-powered vehicles, you have your standard and your high-performance diesel fuels. Most diesel engines now have turbos, and it's recommended to go for a higher grade diesel if so to prolong your engine's life.
Related: Premium vs Regular Fuels - Is spending more worth it?
Also, make sure to fill up with the right amount of fuel so you don't damage your fuel pump or your other engine components. A good rule of thumb is to keep your fuel level above 1/4 of the fuel gauge level in order to keep your fuel pump lubricated, cooled, and free of sediments.
Freon (Refrigerant)
Climate control systems in cars will use a refrigerant called Freon. This ensures that your ride is cooled, and your car is ready to challenge the heat of the outside world. Over time, you will notice that your air conditioning system will have reduced performance. Once this happens, it is time to get your system recharged with Freon in order to keep it running optimally. Over time the liquid can seep out of the system in gaseous form. It is also important to charge your system with the right refrigerant. If your car was produced prior to 1995, then you need to use R12a. Post-1995, you need to use R134a. Most cars now use R134a. Also, more modern systems allow the user to charge their own airconditioning systems with R134a, while older R12a systems need to be worked on by a mechanic with specialized tools.
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